Moringa oleifera, also known as the “tree of life” or “miracle tree,” is classified as an important herbal plant due to its immense medicinal and non-medicinal benefits. Traditionally, the plant is used to cure wounds, pain, ulcers, liver disease, heart disease, cancer, and inflammation. This review aims to compile an analysis of worldwide research, pharmacological activities, phytochemical, toxicological, and ethnomedicinal updates of Moringa oleifera and also provide insight into its commercial and phytopharmaceutical applications with a motive to help further research. The scientific information on this plant was obtained from various sites and search engines such as Scopus, Pub Med, Science Direct, BMC, Google Scholar, and other scientific databases. Articles available in the English language have only been referred for review. The pharmacological studies confirm the hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and anti-inflammatory potential of the extracts from the various plant parts. It was found that bioactive constituents are present in every part of the plant. So far, more than one hundred compounds from different parts of Moringa oleifera have been characterized, including alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, vitamins, glycosides, and terpenes. In addition, novel isolates such as muramoside A&B and niazimin A&B have been identified in the plant and have potent antioxidant, anticancer, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, and nutritional effects. The traditional and nontraditional use of Moringa, its pharmacological effects and their phytopharmaceutical formulations, clinical studies, toxicity profile, and various other uses are recognized in the present review. However, several traditional uses have yet to be scientifically explored. Therefore, further studies are proposed to explore the mechanistic approach of the plant to identify and isolate active or synergistic compounds behind its therapeutic potential.

Keywords: Moringa oleifera, traditional medicinal uses, pharmacological activity, phytochemistry, phytopharmaceutical formulation, toxicity

1. Introduction
Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera), the “miracle tree”, thrives globally in almost all tropical and subtropical regions, but it is believed to be native to Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan [1]. The Moringa family comprises 13 species (M. oleifera, M. arborea, M. rivae, M. ruspoliana, M. drouhardii, M. hildebrandtii, M. concanensis, M. borziana, M. longituba, M. pygmaea, M. ovalifolia, M. peregrina, M. stenopetala), of which M. oleifera has become well known for its use in nutrition, biogas production, fertilizer, etc., [2,3]. Moringa has the unique property of tolerating drought [3]. Studies have shown that M. oleifera is among the cheapest and most reliable alternatives for good nutrition [4]. Nearly all parts of the tree are used for their essential nutrients. M. oleifera leaves have a high content of beta-carotene, minerals, calcium, and potassium [5]. Dried leaves have an oleic acid content of about 70%, which makes them suitable for making moisturizers [6]. The powdered leaves are used to make many beverages, of which “Zija” is the most popular in India [7]. The bark of the tree is considered very useful in the treatment of different disorders such as ulcers [8], toothache [9], and hypertension [10]. Roots, however, are found to have a role in the treatment of toothache [9], helminthiasis [11], and paralysis [12]. The flowers are used to treat ulcers, enlarged spleen, and to produce aphrodisiac substances [2]. The tree is believed to have incredible properties in treating malnutrition in infants and lactating mothers [3]. The present review aims to sum up the updated insight regarding the pharmacological activities, worldwide research analysis, toxicological, phytochemical, and ethnomedicinal properties of M. oleifera.

2. Material Method
2.1. Article Eligibility Criteria
In the framework of searching for study material, the following keywords were used: “Moringa oleifera”, “pharmacology M. oleifera”, “phytochemistry M. oleifera”, “ethnobotanical applications M. oleifera”, “toxicology M. oleifera”, and other combinations of terms such as biochemical constituents, taxonomic classification, geographical distribution, and plant formulation to search relevant peer-reviewed journals in various scientific databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Springer, Google scholar, and Wiley. Articles available in the English language have only been referred for review. Articles were analyzed by reading the title and abstracts of the articles found, which clearly indicated that they were all relevant.

2.2. Software and Techniques Used
Chemical structures identified in the plants were searched in the Webbook, Chemspider, and PubMed databases, and at the same time, the identified structures were drawn using Chem Draw (version 12.0.2). VOS Viewer software (1.6.18) was used to generate the map of global collaboration between countries. Global country boundaries (GIS layers) were obtained from an open-source web platform (DIVA-GIS) for geographic mapping. Spatial techniques were used with ArcGIS 10.1 to map M. oleifera indigenous and introduced countries and research activities in each country.

3. Worldwide Research and Collaboration
A country-specific research database on M. oleifera was extracted from Scopus, and the data were linked directly to the country shapefile using the “connect field” function in the GIS environment for geospatial mapping. The analyses revealed that scientists from about 15 countries had published more than 100 research papers during the period 2000–2022. Among which India was the most prolific country (n = 1083), followed by Nigeria (n = 441), Brazil (n = 383), Egypt (n = 361), China (n = 331), Indonesia (n = 327), Pakistan (n = 281), South Africa (n = 272), Malaysia (n = 260), the United States (n = 214), Saudi Arabia (n = 205), Mexico (n = 163), Thailand (n = 127), and Italy (n = 105), (Figure 1).

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